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If White America Had a Bill Cosby
By Jonathan Scott
Bill Cosby's recent speeches to black
audiences across the country, dropped on heads like a wave of
U.S. cluster bombs on the poor folks of Iraq, have been wisely
critiqued and judged accurately for what they are: well-intended
polemics on the moral and political failures of the post-civil
rights generation, yet a bit caustic when you consider the
objective conditions facing us today. Dr. Cosby is caring deeply
and genuinely about a situation from which he is at the same
time estranging himself.
In all events, it was just taken for granted that extremely
harsh black self-criticism is par for the course. After all,
African American intellectuals, from jackleg preachers and
political organizers down to eminent scholars and critics like
Harold Cruse, John Henrik Clarke, and Amiri Baraka, as well as
our Nobel laureate in literature, Toni Morrison, are famous for
never holding any punches when analyzing all backwardness among
the people, such as misogyny, anti-democracy, provincialism,
covetousness, opportunism, fatalism, dependency, and laziness.
This hallmark of the African American
tradition, evident in Dr. Cosby’s critique, is the surest sign
that a democratic culture and a healthy collective are alive and
still flourishing. Praise God.
But it got me thinking. When was the last time you heard a big
white celebrity with moral authority raining down critical bombs
on white people’s heads? For instance, Barbara Streisand
taking the bully pulpit to chastise white Jews for members of
their tribes’ betrayal of the civil rights agenda, and, no
less immoral and directly related to civil rights, for their
unconditional support of the Israeli apartheid state?
How about the Reverend Billy Graham? I don’t recall him ever
blasting white Christians for making a disgrace of Jesus’ name
by continuing to support racist leaders and reactionary social
policies such as war, capital punishment, the Crime Bill,
de-funding public education and U.S. cities in general,
de-unionizing the workforce, repealing welfare, the aggressive
assault on Affirmative Action, the upward redistribution of
wealth in the form of tax cuts for multi-millionaires – each a
different cause of racial segregation, widening socioeconomic
inequalities, and the moral debasement of our society.
We know the answer: it’s called “white race” solidarity.
For as soon as any prominent white leader starts criticizing
white people’s bad behavior, the white identity falls apart
and then the doors are pushed wide open for a new multiethnic
U.S. populist movement, which remains the ruling class’
absolute worst nightmare. In this spirit, I have written the
sermon that Reverend Billy Graham would have delivered on to the
heads of white America had he forgotten, for just a day or two,
his own whiteness – if he had been a white Bill Cosby.
Ford Field, Detroit, Michigan
70,000 people in attendance, June 5, 2005
Reverend Billy Graham, Preaching a Sermon titled “Now Explain
That to Jesus.”
Brothers and sisters, today we are living
through the worst moral crisis that’s ever threatened our
Christian nation. Tonight I want to be like Jesus and get right to
the heart of the matter. We need to stop blaming the victims. That's
right. We need to look at ourselves first, at where we’re at
today morally.
I know many of you are unaccustomed to hearing such language from
your leaders, and in particular from me. Yes, Brothers and
sisters, I come to you tonight as a sinner. I have been silent
about the sin of racism. I have supported immoral wars; these wars
I supported were wars of aggression against innocent people,
against poor people fighting for independence and a way out of
poverty. I supported the war in Vietnam and I was wrong. I
supported the war against Nicaragua and I was wrong. I supported
South Africa when they practiced apartheid and I was wrong. I
supported the first Gulf War and I was wrong. I supported the
current war in Iraq and I was wrong (stunned silence).
I have given my consent to an endless war on terror that is a sham
and a waste of lives, that is weakening every day the foundation
of our Christian democracy and is embarrassing us around the world
as a Christian nation. Urinating on a Holy Book! We have become a
nation of heathens and the whole world is watching! And God is
watching the whole world! Tonight, brothers and sisters, I want to
talk in plain terms about our democracy and who is threatening our
democracy.
Brothers and sisters, WE are threatening our democracy! It’s
just us! Nobody else. The black comedian Richard Pryor used to
have a joke about the American criminal justice system (a few
gasps from the audience). He said, “I went to the courthouse to
get some justice and all I saw there was just us” (confusion is
breaking out).
Brothers and sisters, do you understand? Jesus
said in the Sermon on the Mount, “Woe unto you that are rich! Ye
have received your consolation. Woe unto you that laugh now! For
ye shall mourn and weep.” This was Jesus Christ’s most
important sermon and I have ignored it for forty years. But this
morning I came out of the wilderness and into the light! Praise
God! Jesus was never wrong and if he was then I don’t want to be
right! (a few amens, the crowd is beginning to warm up).
I have been preaching Born Again Christianity for fifty years now
and you know what? I was not the first. I have been reading the
sermons of Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King and he was calling on
the people to be born again before I knew what it really meant.
What did Dr. King mean? (murmurs from the audience: he called him
Dr. King?) He meant a moral transformation, brothers and sisters,
from a state of sinfulness to a state of grace. And how did that
happen? By being right by God. By being right by our Lord and
Savior Jesus Christ.
What would Jesus think of you if he came back
tonight? That’s the question Dr. King was always asking his
congregations and they responded to it. Yes, brothers and sisters,
they responded by taking to the streets, by marching for their
God-given rights to live as decent human beings on this earth,
protected by the Christian laws of the land, to love your neighbor
as you love yourself. But first they chastised their own sinners
and made them get right by God.
Brothers and sisters, I’ve been studying closely the situation
of our Christian nation. Every day I read the news on the Internet
and every day I become more revolted by what I see. Tonight
we’re going to talk about ourselves. Tonight we’re not going
to talk about Muslims, teenage mothers, atheistic liberals,
environmentalists, abortion doctors, gays, or the feminists.
Tonight we’re going to talk about our own sin
(you could hear a pin drop). Tonight we’re going to come out
into the light of self-criticism. Tonight we’re going to name
names and come clean with ourselves. Tonight we’re going to
question ourselves, as Jesus did himself on the Cross of Calvary.
I read yesterday in the Detroit Free Press that the white people
of a suburb called Grosse Pointe are expelling the black students
from their school district because they say black parents are
falsely claiming residence there. Brothers and sisters, I ask you:
is this what Jesus would do? These parents are trying to get their
children the best possible education and the white people there
are opposing the education of children. That’s immoral and we
need to call out those white people for being un-Christian and
anti-American (a heavy silence).
Have you seen the facts, brothers and sisters? Our schools are
being resegregated. Today 80 percent of white students go to
all-white schools. Wealthy white schools get the most money and
they hire the best teachers and have the best facilities,
computers for every student, send them to the best colleges so
they get the best jobs.
Yet in black and Hispanic schools, the average
career-span of a teacher is less than three years. Brothers and
sisters, why is that? Is it because the children don’t want to
learn? Is that how you would answer Jesus? Or is it because the
pay is so low, the funds have been cut off, and the facilities are
built like prisons not educational institutions? What would you
tell Jesus?
Let’s talk about prisons, brothers and sisters. We need to speak
honestly now about one the greatest dangers facing our Christian
nation—crime. In states like Illinois, Michigan, New York, and
California, nearly 90 percent of the inmates are black and
Hispanic. Is it because blacks and Hispanics commit more crimes
than whites? Is that how you would answer Jesus? Would you lie to
your own Maker and the Savior of your own filthy soul?
I was studying the state of Illinois. Last year, the state of
Illinois graduated less than 900 African American students from
its public colleges and universities yet released from prison
8,000 on drug-selling offenses. Are African Americans the only
people who sell drugs? Not according to the Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) of the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. They calculate drug use
trends from data gathered through the federal National Household
Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA).
Stay with me now, people, I know you’re not
used to facts, listening to Rush Limbaugh and Ann Coulter all the
time. But listen to the facts. In a report based on NHSDA data,
SAMHSA estimates 3,727,680 whites use cocaine compared to 720,130
blacks.
Why, then, are the prisons filled with black people instead of
white people? If Jesus asked you, what would you tell him?
Let me tell you how I would answer Jesus. I would site for him a
vital statistic. Thirty-seven percent of all people arrested on
drug charges are black yet black people use drugs five times less
than whites do. I would tell Jesus, it’s an example of white
skin privilege – of “black robes and white justice,” as the
honorable African American judge Bruce Wright has said (whispering
is heard).
No, we cannot lie to our Maker and the Savior of our filthy souls,
especially here tonight where we have gathered together to come
clean in His presence. You see, brothers and sisters, we have been
protecting drug addicts and drug sellers in our own communities
merely because they’re white. We have allowed our Christian
communities to become dens of sin, where people traffic in drugs
and prostitution openly and freely because they have white skin.
Our obsession with skin is the sin! We must
drive out these white criminals! How can you allow this to happen
in your own neighborhoods? Now how would you explain that to
Jesus?
In my reading over the past year, I have made
other discoveries that revolt me. Unemployment among blacks is
more than double that for whites, 10.8 percent versus 5.2 percent
in 2003 – a wider gap than in 1972. Black infant mortality is
also greater today than in 1970. In 2001, the black infant
mortality rate was 14 deaths per 1,000 live births, 146 percent
higher than the white rate. The gap in infant mortality rates was
37 percent less in 1970. Now how would you explain that to Jesus?
I would tell Jesus that it’s because for every dollar of white
income, African Americans have 57 cents. At the rate we’re
going, it’ll take 581 years to achieve income equality between
God’s people here in America. Do you think Jesus is going to
wait 581 more years for you all to stop this immorality?
I would tell Jesus that the average black college graduate will
earn $500,000 less in his or her lifetime than an average white
college graduate, for doing the same work. Is this how YOU would
explain to Jesus that his black babies die 146 percent times more
often than his white babies die? You better be right by Him when
he asks you these questions on Judgment Day. You have to be right
by God! What did you do to stop this genocide? You better have a
good answer, brothers and sisters.
Now we need to talk about sex. Yes, brothers and sisters, we have
to speak openly about sex, as Jesus did himself. We cast stones at
others for sexual immorality but how would you explain to Jesus
the fact that pornography is a multi-billion dollar industry?
Ninety-five percent of Americans call themselves Christian and
pornography expands every day. Who here does not look at
pornography (a flurry of hands are raised in the air)? Who here
has never purchased pornography (the same hands in the air)? Then
how would you explain to Jesus the thousands of Internet porno
sites that exploit young women? Have you ever imagined your own
daughters in those same positions?
These are crimes against God, and so we need to return to our
discussion of crime. Ken Lay says that by stealing hundreds of
millions of dollars from working people’s pension funds he was
doing the work of God. That’s right, he said that. How would you
explain to Jesus that this criminal has been allowed to go
unpunished for blaspheming the name of the Lord? Why haven’t you
organized a citizens council to judge him and sentence him to
Christian justice the same way you’ve always carried out
vigilante justice against innocent blacks? How would you explain
to Jesus that, instead of sentencing Lay, you elected a close
friend of his to the presidency of the United States of America?!
Yes, brothers and sisters, now we need to talk about our Christian
president George W. Bush, one of Ken Lay’s best friends. He
calls him Kenny Boy. Thou shalt not lie. It’s time we admit
publicly, together tonight, that George W. Bush lied again and
again to the Christian people of our nation. He lied by saying
Saddam Hussein was behind 9/11. Then he lied even worse by saying
Saddam Hussein was plotting to destroy America with weapons of
mass destruction. But these were weapons of mass deception! And
you re-elected him! Now how would you explain that to Jesus?
These are President Bush’s worst lies but there are many others,
saying that Social Security is bankrupt. Why, the U.S.
government’s own Congressional Budget Office says that Social
Security has the funds to pay every benefit owed through 2048. Why
is he lying like this, brothers and sisters? What is his purpose?
Could it be to enrich the tiny minority of multi-millionaires who
got him into office?
I’ve been reading the facts, brothers and sisters. I’ve come
out of the wilderness and into the light, the light of
self-criticism. I told you I was wrong. Now here tonight I want
you to confess your own wrongs. How many of you have witnessed
racism and did nothing about it? How many of you ignore your
children and watch television instead of helping them with their
homework?
How many of you worship sports stars? How many
of you spend money on a new car instead of books for you and your
children? When was the last time you took your grandmother out to
lunch and talked with her? How many of you know a language other
than English? Jesus loved all the children of the world and you
don’t even love your own children! You send them to daycare and
hire nannies to raise them so you can play golf and drink
martinis!
How would you explain to Jesus that you allow a ruling class to
govern you that spends more money on weapons than it does to fight
poverty? Now how would you explain to Jesus, right here tonight,
that you do nothing about the fact that 3,000 African children
died today of hunger?
How would you explain to Jesus that you have
allowed the rich, who according to Jesus will have a very hard
time entering the gates of heaven, a harder time than a camel has
passing through the eye of a needle, to enrich themselves even
more than they already are? You have the power! You are the
majority! Everything you do affects the whole nation and the
world! You could end all this disgusting immorality tomorrow!
Brothers and sisters, you need to march! What do you think Jesus
would tell you to do? Did he not march against the Romans? Are you
Romans pretending to be Christians or are you Christians trying to
be like the Romans?
I fear, brothers and sisters, I fear every day, that if Jesus came
back tonight he’d strike us all down. He’d destroy me and you
gathered here together tonight. His wrath would be furious. All
this slovenliness, this obesity, this collaboration with
oppression and narrow-minded racism, this over-consumption, this
gluttony, this lazy lethargy, this willful ignorance, this smug
self-satisfaction.
Do you think Jesus doesn’t know we consume 25 percent of all the
earth’s resources yet we are only 5 percent of the world’s
population? Jesus is watching you, brothers and sisters. The whole
world is watching and God is watching the whole world. Now is the
time to come clean before the Lord!
Jonathan Scott
is Assistant Professor of English at Al-Quds University
in Abu Dees, the West Bank, and the author of
Socialist Joy in the Writing of Langston Hughes
.
jonascott15@aol.com
posted June 2005* * *
* *The Quotable Bill Speaks
On the Black poor
"Lower economic people are not holding
up their end in this deal. These people are not parenting. They
are buying things for kids – $500 sneakers for what? And won't
spend $200 for 'Hooked on Phonics.' "
On Black youth culture
"People putting their clothes on
backwards: Isn't that a sign of something gone wrong? ... People
with their hats on backwards, pants down around the crack, isn't
that a sign of something, or are you waiting for Jesus to pull his
pants up? Isn't it a sign of something when she has her dress all
the way up to the crack and got all type of needles [piercings]
going through her body? What part of Africa did this come from?
Those people are not Africans; they don't know a damn thing about
Africa."
On civil rights
"Brown versus the Board of Education is
no longer the white person's problem. We have got to take the
neighborhood back. We have to go in there – forget about telling
your child to go into the Peace Corps – it is right around the
corner. They are standing on the corner and they can't speak
English."
On literacy
"Basketball players –
multimillionaires – can't write a paragraph. Football players
– multimillionaires – can't read. Yes, multimillionaires.
Well, Brown versus Board of Education: Where are we today? They
paved the way, but what did we do with it? That white man, he's
laughing. He's got to be laughing: 50 percent drop out, the rest
of them are in prison."
On poor Black women:
"Five, six children – same woman –
eight, 10 different husbands or whatever. Pretty soon you are
going to have DNA cards to tell who you are making love to. You
don't know who this is. It might be your grandmother. I am telling
you, they're young enough! Hey, you have a baby when you are 12;
your baby turns 13 and has a baby. How old are you? Huh?
Grandmother! By the time you are 12 you can have sex with your
grandmother, you keep those numbers coming. I'm just
predicting."
Cosby on the sons and daughters of poor,
Black, unmarried mothers:
"…with names like Shaniqua, Taliqua
and Mohammed [!] and all of that crap, and all of them are in
jail.
On Blacks shot by police:
"These are not political criminals. These
are people going around stealing Coca-Cola. People getting shot in
the back of the head over a piece of pound cake and then we run
out and we are outraged, [saying] 'The cops shouldn't have
shot him.' What the hell was he doing with the pound cake in his
hand?"
Source of Quotes:
BlackCommentator
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Aké: The Years of Childhood
By
Wole Soyinka
Aké: The Years of Childhood is a
memoir of stunning beauty, humor, and
perception—a
lyrical account of one boy's attempt to
grasp the often irrational and hypocritical
world of adults that equally repels and
seduces him. Soyinka elevates brief
anecdotes into history lessons,
conversations into morality plays, memories
into awakenings. Various cultures,
religions, and languages mingled freely in
the Aké of his youth, fostering endless
contradictions and personalized hybrids,
particularly when it comes to religion.
Christian teachings, the wisdom of the
ogboni, or ruling elders, and the power of
ancestral spirits—who
alternately terrify and inspire him—all
carried equal metaphysical weight.
Surrounded by such a collage, he notes that
"God had a habit of either not answering
one's prayers at all, or answering them in a
way that was not straightforward."
In writing from a child's perspective,
Soyinka expresses youthful idealism and
unfiltered honesty while escaping the adult
snares of cynicism and intolerance. His
stinging indictment of colonialism takes on
added power owing to the elegance of his
attack. |
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* * * * *
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Super Rich: A Guide to Having it All
By Russell Simmons
Russell Simmons knows firsthand that
wealth is rooted in much more than the
stock
market. True wealth has more to do with
what's in your heart than what's in your
wallet. Using this knowledge, Simmons
became one of America's shrewdest
entrepreneurs, achieving a level of
success that most investors only dream
about. No matter how much material gain
he accumulated, he never stopped lending
a hand to those less fortunate. In
Super Rich, Simmons uses his rare
blend of spiritual savvy and
street-smart wisdom to offer a new
definition of wealth-and share timeless
principles for developing an unshakable
sense of self that can weather any
financial storm. As Simmons says, "Happy
can make you money, but money can't make
you happy." |
* * *
* *
Civilization: The West and the Rest
By Niall Ferguson
The rise to global predominance of Western civilization is the single most important historical phenomenon of the past five hundred years. All over the world, an astonishing proportion of people now work for Western-style companies, study at Western-style universities, vote for Western-style governments, take Western medicines, wear Western clothes, and even work Western hours. Yet six hundred years ago the petty kingdoms of Western Europe seemed unlikely to achieve much more than perpetual internecine warfare. It was Ming China or Ottoman Turkey that had the look of world civilizations. How did the West overtake its Eastern rivals? And has the zenith of Western power now passed? In Civilization: The West and the Rest, bestselling author Niall Ferguson argues that, beginning in the fifteenth century, the West developed six powerful new concepts that the Rest lacked: competition, science, the rule of law, consumerism, modern medicine, and the work ethic.
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These were the "killer
applications" that allowed the West to leap ahead of the Rest,
opening global trade routes, exploiting newly discovered
scientific laws, evolving a system of representative government,
more than doubling life expectancy, unleashing the Industrial
Revolution, and embracing a dynamic work ethic.
Civilization
shows just how fewer than a dozen Western empires came to
control more than half of humanity and four fifths of the world
economy.
* * * * *
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Andrew Johnson: The 17th President,
1865-1869
By Annette Gordon-Reed
Andrew Johnson, the seventeenth man to
ascend to the highest office in the
land, is generally regarded by
historians as among the weakest
presidents. Gordon-Reed has no intention
of moving Johnson up in rank (“America
went from the best to the worst in one
presidential term,” she corroborates).
So this is no reputation rescue.
Gordon-Reed, author of The Hemingses
of Monticello: An American Family
(2008), which won the Pulitzer Prize and
the National Book Award, takes as her
task explaining why we should look anew
at such a disastrous chief executive.
She reasons he is worth looking at,
though her reasoning yields a far from
sympathetic look. In a short biography,
all bases can be covered, but the author
is still left to exercise the tone of a
personal essay, which this author
accomplishes brilliantly. Her personal
take on Johnson is that his inability to
remake the country after it was torn
apart rested on his deplorable view of
black Americans. |
In
practical terms, his failure derived from his
stubborn refusal to compromise with Congress in the
abiding post-Lincoln controversy over who was to
supervise the Reconstruction, the executive or the
legislative branch. A failure, yes, but more than
that, a failure at an extremely critical time in
American history.—Booklist
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 |
Salvage the Bones
A Novel by Jesmyn Ward
On one level, Salvage the Bones is a simple story about a poor black family that’s about to be trashed by one of the most deadly hurricanes in U.S. history. What makes the novel so powerful, though, is the way Ward winds private passions with that menace gathering force out in the Gulf of Mexico. Without a hint of pretension, in the simple lives of these poor people living among chickens and abandoned cars, she evokes the tenacious love and desperation of classical tragedy. The force that pushes back against Katrina’s inexorable winds is the voice of Ward’s narrator, a 14-year-old girl named Esch, the only daughter among four siblings. Precocious, passionate and sensitive, she speaks almost entirely in phrases soaked in her family’s raw land. Everything here is gritty, loamy and alive, as though the very soil were animated. Her brother’s “blood smells like wet hot earth after summer rain. . . . His scalp looks like fresh turned dirt.” Her father’s hands “are like gravel,” while her own hand “slides through his grip like a wet fish,” and a handsome boy’s “muscles jabbered like chickens.”
|
Admittedly, Ward can push so hard on this
simile-obsessed style that her paragraphs risk
sounding like a compost heap, but this isn’t usually
just metaphor for metaphor’s sake.
She conveys something fundamental about Esch’s fluid state of mind: her figurative sense of the world in which all things correspond and connect. She and her brothers live in a ramshackle house steeped in grief since their mother died giving birth to her last child. . . . What remains, what’s salvaged, is something indomitable in these tough siblings, the strength of their love, the permanence of their devotion.—WashingtonPost
* * * * *
|
Punishing the Poor
The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity
By Loïc Wacquant
The punitive turn of penal policy in the United States after the acme of the Civil Rights movement responds not to rising criminal insecurity but to the social insecurity spawned by the fragmentation of wage labor and the shakeup of the ethnoracial hierarchy. It partakes of a broader reconstruction of the state wedding restrictive “workfare” and expansive “prisonfare” under a philosophy of moral behaviorism. This paternalist program of penalization of poverty aims to curb the urban disorders wrought by economic deregulation and to impose precarious employment on the postindustrial proletariat. It also erects a garish theater of civic morality on whose stage political elites can orchestrate the public vituperation of deviant figures—the teenage “welfare mother,” the ghetto “street thug,” and the roaming “sex predator”—and close the legitimacy deficit they suffer when they discard the established government mission of social and economic protection. . . . |
 |
Punishing the Poor shows that the prison is not a mere technical implement for law enforcement but a core political institution.
* * *
* *
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The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family
By Annette
Gordon-Reed
This is a scholar's
book: serious, thick, complex. It's also fascinating,
wise and of the utmost importance. Gordon-Reed, a
professor of both history and law who in her previous
book helped solve some of the mysteries of the intimate
relationship between Thomas Jefferson and his slave
Sally Hemings, now brings to life the entire Hemings
family and its tangled blood links with slave-holding
Virginia whites over an entire century. Gordon-Reed
never slips into cynicism about the author of the
Declaration of Independence. Instead, she shows how his
life was deeply affected by his slave kinspeople: his
lover (who was the half-sister of his deceased wife) and
their children. Everyone comes vividly to life, as do
the places, like Paris and Philadelphia, in which
Jefferson, his daughters and some of his black family
lived. |
So, too, do the complexities and varieties of slaves' lives and
the nature of the choices they had to make—when they had the
luxury of making a choice. Gordon-Reed's genius for reading
nearly silent records makes this an extraordinary work.—Publishers
Weekly
* *
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|
Middle Passage
By
Charles Johnson
A
savage parable of the black experience in
America, Johnson's picaresque novel begins
in 1830 when Rutherford Calhoun, a newly
freed Illinois slave eking out a living as a
petty thief in New Orleans, hops aboard a
square-rigger to evade the prim Boston
schoolteacher who wants to marry him. But
the Republic , no riverboat, turns out to be
a slave clipper bound for Africa. Calhoun, a
witty narrator conversant with the works of
Chaucer and Beethoven and the Tibetan Book
of the Dead, hates himself for acting as
henchman to the ship's captain, a dwarfish,
philosophizing tyrant. Before the rowdy,
drunken crew can spring a mutiny, African
slaves recently taken on board stage a
successful revolt. Blending confessional,
ship's log and adventure, the narrative
interweaves a disquisition on slavery,
poverty, race relations and an African
worldview at odds with Western materialism.
In luxuriant, intoxicating prose Johnson (The
Sorcerer's Apprentice) makes the
agonized past a prism looking onto a tense
present.—Publishers
Weekly |
 |
* * * * *
The White Masters of the
World
From
The World and Africa, 1965
By W. E. B. Du Bois
W. E. B. Du Bois’
Arraignment and Indictment of White Civilization
(Fletcher)
* *
* * *
Ancient African Nations
* * * * *
If you like this page consider making a donation
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Negro Digest /
Black World
Browse all issues
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Enjoy!
* * * * *
The Death of Emmett Till by Bob Dylan
/
The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll
/
Only a Pawn in Their Game
Rev. Jesse Lee Peterson Thanks America for
Slavery /
George Jackson /
Hurricane Carter
* *
* * *
The Journal of Negro History issues at Project Gutenberg
The
Haitian Declaration of Independence 1804
/
January 1, 1804 -- The Founding of
Haiti
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update
15 December 2011
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